Trois conceptions sémantiques des théories en médecine
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.20416/lsrsps.v1i1.3Mots-clés :
médecine, conception sémantique des théoriesRésumé
La conception traditionnelle des théories scientifiques en philosophie de langue anglaise, qu’on appelle la « received view », et qui culmine au début des années 1960, posait de nombreux obstacles à une conception des théories scientifiques en biologie et en médecine. La conception sémantique des théories scientifiques qui lui succéda permit de lever ces obstacles, mais pas de différencier les théories en biologie expérimentale et en médecine. Le présent article met en évidence comment, en s’appuyant sur cette conception, Schaffner établit la spécificité des théories biologiques et médicales par rapport aux théories physiques, comment Thompson établit que c’est le savoir biologique et non le savoir clinique qui, véritablement théorique, fonde le caractère proprement scientifique de la médecine, et enfin, comment Sadegh-Zadeh peut proposer à son tour des caractéristiques des théories médicales qui leur sont potentiellement spécifiques et les distinguent des théories biologiques.
Références
BEATTY, John. 1981. What’s wrong with the received view of the evolutionary theory? In P. Asquith and R. Giere (dir.), PSA 1980: Proceedings of the 1980 Biennal Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, vol. II, Philosophy of Science Association. Michigan : East Lansing. 397-426.
BEATTY, John. 1987. On behalf of the semantic view. Biology and Philosophy, 2, 17-22.
BECKNER, Morton. 1959. The Biological Way of Thought. Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press.
BOORSE, Christopher. Inédit. Clinical normality.
CARTWRIGHT, Nancy, MUNRO, Eileen. 2010. The limitations of randomized controlled trials in predicting effectiveness. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 16, 260-6.
Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. 2005. Niveaux de preuves et grades de recommandation. EBM Journal, 44, 4-6.
DOLL, Richard. 1998. Controlled Trials : The 1948 Watershed. British Medical Journal, 317, 1217-1223.
DUCHESNEAU, François. 1997. Philosophie de la biologie. Paris : P.U.F.
HOWICK, Jeremy. 2011. The Philosophy of Evidence-Based Medicine. London : Wiley-Blackwell.
LILIENFELD, David E., STOLLEY, Paul D. 1994. Foundations of Epidemiology. New York : Oxford University Press.
LÖWY, Ilana. 2004. Essai clinique. In D. Lecourt (dir.), Dictionnaire de la pensée médicale, Paris : P.U.F., 2004, 441-446.
ROSENBERGER, William F., Lachin, John M. 2002. Randomization in Clinical Trials : Theory and Practice. New York : Wiley Interscience.
RUSE, Michael. 1973. The Philosophy of Biology. London : Hutchinson University Library.
SACKETT, David L. et al., 1996. Evidence Based Medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. British Medical Journal, 312, 71-72.
SACKETT, David L. et al.. 2005. Evidence-Based Medicine : How to Practice and Teach EBM. 2nde éd. Edimburgh : Churchill-Livingston.
SADEGH-ZADEH, Kazem. 2000. Fuzzy Health, illness, and disease. The Journal of Medicine and philosophy, 25 (5), 605-638.
SADEGH-ZADEH, Kazem. 2008. The Prototype Resemblance Theory of Disease. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 33, 106-139.
SADEGH-ZADEH, Kazem. 2011. Handbook of the Analytic Philosophy of Medicine. Dordrecht : Springer.
SCHAFFNER, Kenneth F. 1993a. Discovery and Explanation in Biology and Medicine. Chicago : The Chicago University Press.
SCHAFFNER, Kenneth F. 1993b. Clinical trials and causation : Bayesian per- spectives. Statistics in Medicine, 12, 1477–1494.
SCHAFFNER, Kenneth F. 1998a. Genes, Behavior, and Developmental Emergentism : One Process, Indivisible? Philosophy of Science, 65 (2), 209-252.
SCHAFFNER, Kenneth F. 1998b. Model Organisms and Behavioral Genetics : A Rejoinder. Philosophy of Science, 65 (2), 276-288.
SCHAFFNER, Kenneth F. 2000. Behavior at the Organismal and Molecular Levels : The Case of C. Elegans. Philosophy of Science, 67, S273-S288.
SCHAFFNER, Kenneth F. 2008. Theories, Models and Equations in Biology. Philosophy of Science, 75, 1008-1021.
SMART, John J.C. 1963. Philosophy and Scientific Realism. London : Routledge & Kegan Paul.
SNEED, John D. 1971. The Logical Structure of Mathematical Physics. Dordrecht : D. Reidel Publishing Company.
SNEED, John D. 1976. Philosophical problems in the empirical science of science : A formal approach. Erkenntnis ,10, 115–146.
SUPPE, Frederick. 1977. The search for philosophic understanding of scientific theories. In Suppe F. (dir.), The structure of scientific theories. Chicago : University of Illinois Press. 3-241.
SUPPE, Frederick. 1989. The semantic conception of theories and scientific realism. Chicago : University of Illinois Press.
SUPPES, Patrick. 1961. A comparison of the meaning and uses of models in mathematics and the empirical sciences. Synthese, 12, 287-301.
SUPPES, Patrick. 1962. Models of data. In Nagel, E., Suppes, P. and Tarski, A. (dir.) Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. Stanford : Stanford University Press. 252-261.
SUPPES, Patrick. 1967. What is a scientific theory? In Mor-genbesser S. (dir.), Philosophy of Science Today. New York : Basic Books Inc. 55-67.
THAGARD, Paul. 1999. How Scientists Explain Disease. Princeton : Princeton University Press.
THAGARD, Paul. 2006. What is a medical theory? In Paton R. & McNamara L. (dir.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Theory in Medicine. Amsterdam : Elsevier. 47-62.
THOMPSON, R. Paul. 1983. The structure of evolutionary biology: a semantic approach. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 14, 215-229.
THOMPSON, R. Paul. 1986. The interaction of theories and the semantic conception of evolutionary theory. Philosophia, 37, 28-37.
THOMPSON, R. Paul. 1987. A defence of the semantic conception of evolutionary biology. Biology and Philosophy, 2, 26-32.
THOMPSON, R. Paul. 1989. The Structure of Biological Theories. New York : State University of New York Press.
THOMPSON, R. Paul. 2007. Formalisations of evolutionary biology. In Matthen M. & Stephens C. (dir.), Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. Philosophy of Biology. Amsterdam : Elsevier. 485-523.
THOMPSON, R. Paul. 2010. Causality, mathematical models and statistical association : dismantling evidence-based medicine. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 16, 267-275.
THOMPSON, R. Paul. 2011. Theories and models in medicine. In Gifford F (dir.), Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. Philosophy of Medicine. Amsterdam : Elsevier. 115-136.
WILLIAMS, Mary B. 1970. Deducing the Consequences of Evolution : A Mathematical Model. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 29, 343-385.
WORRALL, John. 2002. What evidence is evidence-based medicine? Philosophy of science, 69, S316-S330.
WORRALL, John. 2007a. Evidence in medicine. Compass, 2, 981-1022.
WORRALL, John. 2007b. Why there is no cause to randomize. British Journal for the philosophy of science, 58, 451-488.
WORRALL, John. 2009. Do we need some large, simple randomized trials in medicine. In Suárez, Mauricio; Dorato, Mauro; Rédei, Miklós (dir), EPSA Philosophical Issues in the Sciences. Dordrecht : Springer. 289-301.
WORRALL, John. 2010. Evidence : Philosophy of science meets medicine. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 16, 356-362.
BEATTY, John. 1987. On behalf of the semantic view. Biology and Philosophy, 2, 17-22.
BECKNER, Morton. 1959. The Biological Way of Thought. Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press.
BOORSE, Christopher. Inédit. Clinical normality.
CARTWRIGHT, Nancy, MUNRO, Eileen. 2010. The limitations of randomized controlled trials in predicting effectiveness. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 16, 260-6.
Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. 2005. Niveaux de preuves et grades de recommandation. EBM Journal, 44, 4-6.
DOLL, Richard. 1998. Controlled Trials : The 1948 Watershed. British Medical Journal, 317, 1217-1223.
DUCHESNEAU, François. 1997. Philosophie de la biologie. Paris : P.U.F.
HOWICK, Jeremy. 2011. The Philosophy of Evidence-Based Medicine. London : Wiley-Blackwell.
LILIENFELD, David E., STOLLEY, Paul D. 1994. Foundations of Epidemiology. New York : Oxford University Press.
LÖWY, Ilana. 2004. Essai clinique. In D. Lecourt (dir.), Dictionnaire de la pensée médicale, Paris : P.U.F., 2004, 441-446.
ROSENBERGER, William F., Lachin, John M. 2002. Randomization in Clinical Trials : Theory and Practice. New York : Wiley Interscience.
RUSE, Michael. 1973. The Philosophy of Biology. London : Hutchinson University Library.
SACKETT, David L. et al., 1996. Evidence Based Medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. British Medical Journal, 312, 71-72.
SACKETT, David L. et al.. 2005. Evidence-Based Medicine : How to Practice and Teach EBM. 2nde éd. Edimburgh : Churchill-Livingston.
SADEGH-ZADEH, Kazem. 2000. Fuzzy Health, illness, and disease. The Journal of Medicine and philosophy, 25 (5), 605-638.
SADEGH-ZADEH, Kazem. 2008. The Prototype Resemblance Theory of Disease. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 33, 106-139.
SADEGH-ZADEH, Kazem. 2011. Handbook of the Analytic Philosophy of Medicine. Dordrecht : Springer.
SCHAFFNER, Kenneth F. 1993a. Discovery and Explanation in Biology and Medicine. Chicago : The Chicago University Press.
SCHAFFNER, Kenneth F. 1993b. Clinical trials and causation : Bayesian per- spectives. Statistics in Medicine, 12, 1477–1494.
SCHAFFNER, Kenneth F. 1998a. Genes, Behavior, and Developmental Emergentism : One Process, Indivisible? Philosophy of Science, 65 (2), 209-252.
SCHAFFNER, Kenneth F. 1998b. Model Organisms and Behavioral Genetics : A Rejoinder. Philosophy of Science, 65 (2), 276-288.
SCHAFFNER, Kenneth F. 2000. Behavior at the Organismal and Molecular Levels : The Case of C. Elegans. Philosophy of Science, 67, S273-S288.
SCHAFFNER, Kenneth F. 2008. Theories, Models and Equations in Biology. Philosophy of Science, 75, 1008-1021.
SMART, John J.C. 1963. Philosophy and Scientific Realism. London : Routledge & Kegan Paul.
SNEED, John D. 1971. The Logical Structure of Mathematical Physics. Dordrecht : D. Reidel Publishing Company.
SNEED, John D. 1976. Philosophical problems in the empirical science of science : A formal approach. Erkenntnis ,10, 115–146.
SUPPE, Frederick. 1977. The search for philosophic understanding of scientific theories. In Suppe F. (dir.), The structure of scientific theories. Chicago : University of Illinois Press. 3-241.
SUPPE, Frederick. 1989. The semantic conception of theories and scientific realism. Chicago : University of Illinois Press.
SUPPES, Patrick. 1961. A comparison of the meaning and uses of models in mathematics and the empirical sciences. Synthese, 12, 287-301.
SUPPES, Patrick. 1962. Models of data. In Nagel, E., Suppes, P. and Tarski, A. (dir.) Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. Stanford : Stanford University Press. 252-261.
SUPPES, Patrick. 1967. What is a scientific theory? In Mor-genbesser S. (dir.), Philosophy of Science Today. New York : Basic Books Inc. 55-67.
THAGARD, Paul. 1999. How Scientists Explain Disease. Princeton : Princeton University Press.
THAGARD, Paul. 2006. What is a medical theory? In Paton R. & McNamara L. (dir.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Theory in Medicine. Amsterdam : Elsevier. 47-62.
THOMPSON, R. Paul. 1983. The structure of evolutionary biology: a semantic approach. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 14, 215-229.
THOMPSON, R. Paul. 1986. The interaction of theories and the semantic conception of evolutionary theory. Philosophia, 37, 28-37.
THOMPSON, R. Paul. 1987. A defence of the semantic conception of evolutionary biology. Biology and Philosophy, 2, 26-32.
THOMPSON, R. Paul. 1989. The Structure of Biological Theories. New York : State University of New York Press.
THOMPSON, R. Paul. 2007. Formalisations of evolutionary biology. In Matthen M. & Stephens C. (dir.), Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. Philosophy of Biology. Amsterdam : Elsevier. 485-523.
THOMPSON, R. Paul. 2010. Causality, mathematical models and statistical association : dismantling evidence-based medicine. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 16, 267-275.
THOMPSON, R. Paul. 2011. Theories and models in medicine. In Gifford F (dir.), Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. Philosophy of Medicine. Amsterdam : Elsevier. 115-136.
WILLIAMS, Mary B. 1970. Deducing the Consequences of Evolution : A Mathematical Model. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 29, 343-385.
WORRALL, John. 2002. What evidence is evidence-based medicine? Philosophy of science, 69, S316-S330.
WORRALL, John. 2007a. Evidence in medicine. Compass, 2, 981-1022.
WORRALL, John. 2007b. Why there is no cause to randomize. British Journal for the philosophy of science, 58, 451-488.
WORRALL, John. 2009. Do we need some large, simple randomized trials in medicine. In Suárez, Mauricio; Dorato, Mauro; Rédei, Miklós (dir), EPSA Philosophical Issues in the Sciences. Dordrecht : Springer. 289-301.
WORRALL, John. 2010. Evidence : Philosophy of science meets medicine. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 16, 356-362.
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2014-07-01
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Lemoine, Maël. 2014. « Trois Conceptions sémantiques Des théories En médecine ». Lato Sensu: Revue De La Société De Philosophie Des Sciences 1 (1). https://doi.org/10.20416/lsrsps.v1i1.3.
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