La révolution paléobiologique a-t-elle eu lieu en paléoanthropologie ?
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.20416/lsrsps.v5i1.5Mots-clés :
Évolution humaine, paléontologie, paléobiologie, paléoanthropologie, équilibres ponctuésRésumé
La paléontologie a connu au cours du XXe siècle une « révolution paléobiologique » (Sepkoski et Ruse, 2009), en se constituant comme science théorique et intégrée à la biologie de l’évolution. Si l’histoire de la paléoanthropologie reflète un tournant similaire, la révolution paléobiologique reste, à plusieurs égards, inachevée dans cette discipline. Cet article analyse les causes de cet inachèvement, en identifiant des limites empiriques, relatives aux particularités du registre fossile de la paléoanthropologie, mais aussi des limites épistémologiques, rapportées à différentes conceptions de la paléobiologie en jeu dans cette discipline. Nous montrons enfin qu’il est nécessaire de prendre en considération la spécificité anthropologique de la discipline pour apprécier la particularité du tournant paléobiologique dans le champ de l’évolution humaine.
Références
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BRACE, Charles Loring. 1967. The Stages of Human Evolution. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
BRACE, Charles Loring. 1981. Tales of the phylogenetic woods: The evolution and significance of evolutionary trees. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 56(4), 411-429.
BRACE, Charles Loring. 1988. Punctuationism, cladistics and the legacy of Medieval neoplatonism. Human Evolution, 3(3), 121-139.
BOWLER, Peter J. 1986. Theories of Human Evolution. A Century of Debate, 1844-1944. Oxford: Blackwell.
CARTMILL, Matt. 2002. Paleoanthropology: Science or mythological charter? Journal of anthropological research, 58(2), 183-201.
CONSTANTINO, Paul J. et WOOD, Bernard A. 2004. Paranthropus paleobiology. In RUBIO JARA, Susana, BAQUEDANO PEREZ, Enrique (dir.). Miscelanea en homenaje a Emiliano Aguirre, Vol. III, Paleoantropologia. Madrid : Museo Arqueolocico Regional, 136–151.
COPPENS, Yves. 1983. Les plus anciens fossiles d’Hominidae. In CHAGAS, Carlos (dir.). Recent advances in the evolution of primates (Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum Scripta Varia, 50). Citta del Vaticano : Pontificiae Academicis, 1-9.
CROMPTON, Robin Huw, LI Yu, WEIJIE, Wang, GÜNTHER, Michael, SAVAGE, Russell. 1998. The mechanical effectiveness of erect and “bent-hip, bent-knee” bipedal walking in Australopithecus afarensis. Journal of Human Evolution, 35(1), 55-74.
CRONIN, John E., BOAZ, Noel T., STRINGER, Chris. B., RAK, Yoel. 1981. Tempo and mode in hominid evolution. Nature, 292(5819), 113-122.
DARLU, Pierre, TASSY, Pascal. 2004 [1993] (version électronique). La reconstruction phylogénétique. Concepts et méthodes. Paris : Masson.
DELISLE, Richard G. 2001. Adaptationism versus cladism in human evolution studies. In CORBEY, Raymond, ROEBROEKS, Wil (dir). Studying Human Origins. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 107-121.
DELISLE, Richard G. 2007. Debating humankind’s place in nature, 1860-2000: the nature of paleoanthropology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
DELSON, Eric, ELDREDGE, Niles, TATTERSALL, Ian. 1977. Reconstruction of hominid phylogeny: a testable framework based on cladistic analysis. Journal of Human Evolution, 6(3), 263-278.
DOLLO, Louis. 1910. La paléontologie éthologique. Bruxelles : Hayez.
ELDREDGE, Niles, GOULD, Stephen Jay. 1972. Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. In SCHOPF, Thomas (dir). Models in Paleobiology. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper and Company, 82-115.
ELDREDGE, Niles, TATTERSALL, Ian. 1975. Evolutionary models, phylogenetic reconstruction, and another look at hominid phylogeny. Contributions to Primatology, 5, 218.
FOLEY, Robert. 2001. In the Shadow of the Modern Synthesis? Alternative Perspectives on the Last Fifty Years of Paleoanthropology. Evolutionary Anthropology, 10, 5-14.
GOULD, Stephen Jay. 1970. Dollo on Dollo’s Law: Irreversibility and the Status of Evolutionary Laws. Journal of the History of Biology, 3 (2), 189-212.
GOULD, Stephen Jay, ELDREDGE, Niles. 1977. Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered. Paleobiology, 3(02), 115-151.
GOULD, Stephen Jay & LEWONTIN, Richard C. 1979. The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 205(1161), 581-598.
GOULD, Stephen Jay. 1980. The promise of paleobiology as a nomothetic, evolutionary discipline. Paleobiology, 6(01), 96-118.
GOULD, Stephen Jay. 1995. Tempo and Monde in the Macroevolutionary Reconstruction of Darwinism. In FITCH, Walter, AYALA, Francisco (dir). Tempo and mode in evolution: genetics and paleontology 50 years after Simpson. Washington : National Academies Press, 125-144.
GOULD, Stephen Jay. 1997. Les buissons et les échelles de l’évolution humaine. In Darwin et les grandes énigmes de la vie. Paris : Éditions du Seuil.
GREGORY, William King. 1949. The bearing of Australopithecinae upon the problem of man’s place in nature. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 7, 485-512.
HARCOURT-SMITH, William. 2016. Early hominin diversity and the emergence of the genus Homo. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 94, 19-27.
KUTSCHERA, Ulrich. 2007. Palaeobiology: the origin and evolution of a scientific discipline. Trends in ecology & evolution, 22(4), 172-173.
LANG, Christopher, SOBER, Elliott, STRIER, Karen. 2002. Are human beings part of the rest of nature? Biology & Philosophy, 17, 661-671.
LEVINTON, Jeffrey S. 1982. Estimating Stasis: Can A Null Hypothesis be too Null? Paleobiology, 8(03), 307.
LOVEJOY C. Owen, HEIPLE, Kingsbury G., BURSTEIN, Albert H. 1973. The gait of Australopithecus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 38(3), 757-779.
LOVEJOY C. Owen, COHN Martin J., WHITE, Tim D. 1999. Morphological analysis of the mammalian postcranium: a developmental perspective. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(23), 13247-13252.
LOVEJOY, C. Owen, LATIMER, Bruce, SUWA, Gen, ASFAW, Berhane, WHITE, Tim D. 2009. Combining prehension and propulsion: the foot of Ardipithecus ramidus. Science, 326(5949), 72-72e8.
MAYR, Ernst. 1950. Taxonomic categories in fossil hominids. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 15, 109-118.
NAPIER, John Russell. 1964. The evolution of bipedal walking in the hominids. Archives de Biologie de Liège, 75, 673-708.
OSBORN, Henry Fairfield. 1930. The discovery of Tertiary man. Nature, 125, 53-57.
PICKFORD, Martin, SENUT, Brigitte, GOMMERY, Dominique, TREIL, Jacques. 2002. Bipedalism in Orrorin tugenensis revealed by its femora. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 1(4), 191-203.
PILBEAM, David. 1975. Middle Pleistocene Hominids. In BUTZER Karl, ISAAC, Glynn (dir.). After the Australopithecines. The Hague: Mouton. 809-856.
PUYMERAIL, Laurent. 2013. The functionally-related signatures characterizing the endostructural organisation of the femoral shaft in modern humans and chimpanzee. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 12(4), 223-231.
REED, Kaye E., FLEAGLE, John G., LEAKEY, Richard. E. (dir.). 2013. The paleobiology of Australopithecus. New York: Springer.
RIEPPEL, Olivier. 2013. Othenio Abel (1875–1946): the rise and decline of paleobiology in German paleontology. Historical Biology, 25(3), 313-325.
RIGHTMIRE, G. Philip. 1981. Patterns in the evolution of Homo erectus. Paleobiology, 241-246.
RIGHTMIRE, G. Philip. 1986. Stasis in Homo erectus defended. Paleobiology, 12(03), 324-325.
RUSE, Michael. 2009. Punctuations and Paradigms: Has Paleobiology Been through a Paradigm Shift? In SEPKOSKI, David, RUSE, Michael (dir.). The Paleobiological Revolution: Essays on the Growth of Modern Paleontology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 518-528.
SARICH, Vincent M., WILSON, Allan C. 1967. Immunological time scale for hominid evolution. Science, 158(3805), 1200-1203.
SCHOPF, Thomas (dir). 1972. Models in Paleobiology. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper and Company.
SCHWARTZ, Jeffrey H. 2006. Race and the Odd History of Human Paleontology. The Anatomical Record (Part B), 289B, 225-240.
SEPKOSKI, David, RUSE, Michael. 2009. The Paleobiological Revolution: Essays on the Growth of Modern Paleontology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
SEPKOSKI, David, RUSE, Michael. 2009. Introduction: Paleontology at the High Table. In SEPKOSKI, David, RUSE, Michael (dir.). The Paleobiological Revolution: Essays on the Growth of Modern Paleontology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1-11.
SEPKOSKI, David. 2009. The Emergence of Paleobiology. In SEPKOSKI, David, RUSE, Michael (dir.). The Paleobiological Revolution: Essays on the Growth of Modern Paleontology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 15-42.
SIMPSON, George Gaylord. 1926. Mesozoic Mammalia, IV: the Multituberculates as Living Animals. American Journal of Science, 11, 228-250.
SIMPSON, George Gaylord, ROE, Anne. 1939. Quantitative zoology: Numerical concepts and methods in the study of recent and fossil animals. New York: McGraw-Hill.
SIMPSON, George Gaylord. 1944. Tempo and Mode in Evolution. New York: Columbia University Press.
SMITH, Richard, WOOD, Bernard. 2016. The principles and practices of human evolution research. Are we asking questions that can be answered? Comptes Rendus Palevol, in press.
STRAIT David S., GRINE, Frederick E., MONIZ, Marc A. 1997. A reappraisal of early hominid phylogeny. Journal of human evolution, 32(1), 17-82.
SUWA Gen, KONO, Reiko T., SIMPSON, Scott W., ASFAW, Berhane, LOVEJOY, C. Owen, WHITE, Tim D. 2009. Paleobiological implications of the Ardipithecus ramidus dentition. Science, 326(5949), 69-99.
TATTERSALL, Ian. 2000. Paleoanthropology: the last half-century. Evolutionary Anthropology, 9(1), 2-16.
WASHBURN, Sherwood L. 1951. The new physical anthropology. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 13, 7, Series II, 298-304.
WEST-EBERHARD, Mary-Jane. 2005. Developmental Plasticity and the Origin of Species Differences. In HEY Jody, FITCH Walter, AYALA Francisco (dir.). Systematics and the Origin of Species: On Ernst Mayr 100th Anniversary. Washington: National Academies Press. 69-89.
WHITE Tim D. 2009. Ladders, Bushes, Punctuations and Clades: Hominid Paleobiology in the Late Twentieth Century. In SEPKOSKI, David, RUSE, Michael (dir.). The Paleobiological Revolution: Essays on the Growth of Modern Paleontology. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 122-148.
WHITE, Tim D., ASFAW, Berhane, BEYENE, Yonas, HAILE-SELASSIE, Yohannes, LOVEJOY, C. Owen, SUWA, Gen, WOLDEGABRIEL, Giday. 2009. Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids. Science, 326(5949), 64-86.
WOLPOFF, Milford H. 1986. Stasis in the interpretation of evolution in Homo erectus: a reply to Rightmire. Paleobiology, 12(03), 325-328.
WOOD, Bernard A. 1994. Hominid paleobiology: Recent achievements and challenges. In CORRUCCINI, Robert, CIOCHON, Russell (dir.). Integrative paths to the past: paleoanthropological advances in honor of F. Clark Howell. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. 147-165.
WOOD, Bernard A., WOOD Christopher, KONIGSBERG, Lyle. 1994. Paranthropus boisei: an example of evolutionary stasis? American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 95(2), 117-136.
WOOD, Bernard A., RICHMOND, Brian G. 2000. Human evolution: taxonomy and paleobiology. Journal of Anatomy, 197(01), 19-60.
WRIGHT, Sewall. 1932. The roles of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding and selection in evolution. Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress Genetics, 1, 356-366.
BRACE, Charles Loring. 1967. The Stages of Human Evolution. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
BRACE, Charles Loring. 1981. Tales of the phylogenetic woods: The evolution and significance of evolutionary trees. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 56(4), 411-429.
BRACE, Charles Loring. 1988. Punctuationism, cladistics and the legacy of Medieval neoplatonism. Human Evolution, 3(3), 121-139.
BOWLER, Peter J. 1986. Theories of Human Evolution. A Century of Debate, 1844-1944. Oxford: Blackwell.
CARTMILL, Matt. 2002. Paleoanthropology: Science or mythological charter? Journal of anthropological research, 58(2), 183-201.
CONSTANTINO, Paul J. et WOOD, Bernard A. 2004. Paranthropus paleobiology. In RUBIO JARA, Susana, BAQUEDANO PEREZ, Enrique (dir.). Miscelanea en homenaje a Emiliano Aguirre, Vol. III, Paleoantropologia. Madrid : Museo Arqueolocico Regional, 136–151.
COPPENS, Yves. 1983. Les plus anciens fossiles d’Hominidae. In CHAGAS, Carlos (dir.). Recent advances in the evolution of primates (Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum Scripta Varia, 50). Citta del Vaticano : Pontificiae Academicis, 1-9.
CROMPTON, Robin Huw, LI Yu, WEIJIE, Wang, GÜNTHER, Michael, SAVAGE, Russell. 1998. The mechanical effectiveness of erect and “bent-hip, bent-knee” bipedal walking in Australopithecus afarensis. Journal of Human Evolution, 35(1), 55-74.
CRONIN, John E., BOAZ, Noel T., STRINGER, Chris. B., RAK, Yoel. 1981. Tempo and mode in hominid evolution. Nature, 292(5819), 113-122.
DARLU, Pierre, TASSY, Pascal. 2004 [1993] (version électronique). La reconstruction phylogénétique. Concepts et méthodes. Paris : Masson.
DELISLE, Richard G. 2001. Adaptationism versus cladism in human evolution studies. In CORBEY, Raymond, ROEBROEKS, Wil (dir). Studying Human Origins. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 107-121.
DELISLE, Richard G. 2007. Debating humankind’s place in nature, 1860-2000: the nature of paleoanthropology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
DELSON, Eric, ELDREDGE, Niles, TATTERSALL, Ian. 1977. Reconstruction of hominid phylogeny: a testable framework based on cladistic analysis. Journal of Human Evolution, 6(3), 263-278.
DOLLO, Louis. 1910. La paléontologie éthologique. Bruxelles : Hayez.
ELDREDGE, Niles, GOULD, Stephen Jay. 1972. Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. In SCHOPF, Thomas (dir). Models in Paleobiology. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper and Company, 82-115.
ELDREDGE, Niles, TATTERSALL, Ian. 1975. Evolutionary models, phylogenetic reconstruction, and another look at hominid phylogeny. Contributions to Primatology, 5, 218.
FOLEY, Robert. 2001. In the Shadow of the Modern Synthesis? Alternative Perspectives on the Last Fifty Years of Paleoanthropology. Evolutionary Anthropology, 10, 5-14.
GOULD, Stephen Jay. 1970. Dollo on Dollo’s Law: Irreversibility and the Status of Evolutionary Laws. Journal of the History of Biology, 3 (2), 189-212.
GOULD, Stephen Jay, ELDREDGE, Niles. 1977. Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered. Paleobiology, 3(02), 115-151.
GOULD, Stephen Jay & LEWONTIN, Richard C. 1979. The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 205(1161), 581-598.
GOULD, Stephen Jay. 1980. The promise of paleobiology as a nomothetic, evolutionary discipline. Paleobiology, 6(01), 96-118.
GOULD, Stephen Jay. 1995. Tempo and Monde in the Macroevolutionary Reconstruction of Darwinism. In FITCH, Walter, AYALA, Francisco (dir). Tempo and mode in evolution: genetics and paleontology 50 years after Simpson. Washington : National Academies Press, 125-144.
GOULD, Stephen Jay. 1997. Les buissons et les échelles de l’évolution humaine. In Darwin et les grandes énigmes de la vie. Paris : Éditions du Seuil.
GREGORY, William King. 1949. The bearing of Australopithecinae upon the problem of man’s place in nature. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 7, 485-512.
HARCOURT-SMITH, William. 2016. Early hominin diversity and the emergence of the genus Homo. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 94, 19-27.
KUTSCHERA, Ulrich. 2007. Palaeobiology: the origin and evolution of a scientific discipline. Trends in ecology & evolution, 22(4), 172-173.
LANG, Christopher, SOBER, Elliott, STRIER, Karen. 2002. Are human beings part of the rest of nature? Biology & Philosophy, 17, 661-671.
LEVINTON, Jeffrey S. 1982. Estimating Stasis: Can A Null Hypothesis be too Null? Paleobiology, 8(03), 307.
LOVEJOY C. Owen, HEIPLE, Kingsbury G., BURSTEIN, Albert H. 1973. The gait of Australopithecus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 38(3), 757-779.
LOVEJOY C. Owen, COHN Martin J., WHITE, Tim D. 1999. Morphological analysis of the mammalian postcranium: a developmental perspective. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(23), 13247-13252.
LOVEJOY, C. Owen, LATIMER, Bruce, SUWA, Gen, ASFAW, Berhane, WHITE, Tim D. 2009. Combining prehension and propulsion: the foot of Ardipithecus ramidus. Science, 326(5949), 72-72e8.
MAYR, Ernst. 1950. Taxonomic categories in fossil hominids. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 15, 109-118.
NAPIER, John Russell. 1964. The evolution of bipedal walking in the hominids. Archives de Biologie de Liège, 75, 673-708.
OSBORN, Henry Fairfield. 1930. The discovery of Tertiary man. Nature, 125, 53-57.
PICKFORD, Martin, SENUT, Brigitte, GOMMERY, Dominique, TREIL, Jacques. 2002. Bipedalism in Orrorin tugenensis revealed by its femora. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 1(4), 191-203.
PILBEAM, David. 1975. Middle Pleistocene Hominids. In BUTZER Karl, ISAAC, Glynn (dir.). After the Australopithecines. The Hague: Mouton. 809-856.
PUYMERAIL, Laurent. 2013. The functionally-related signatures characterizing the endostructural organisation of the femoral shaft in modern humans and chimpanzee. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 12(4), 223-231.
REED, Kaye E., FLEAGLE, John G., LEAKEY, Richard. E. (dir.). 2013. The paleobiology of Australopithecus. New York: Springer.
RIEPPEL, Olivier. 2013. Othenio Abel (1875–1946): the rise and decline of paleobiology in German paleontology. Historical Biology, 25(3), 313-325.
RIGHTMIRE, G. Philip. 1981. Patterns in the evolution of Homo erectus. Paleobiology, 241-246.
RIGHTMIRE, G. Philip. 1986. Stasis in Homo erectus defended. Paleobiology, 12(03), 324-325.
RUSE, Michael. 2009. Punctuations and Paradigms: Has Paleobiology Been through a Paradigm Shift? In SEPKOSKI, David, RUSE, Michael (dir.). The Paleobiological Revolution: Essays on the Growth of Modern Paleontology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 518-528.
SARICH, Vincent M., WILSON, Allan C. 1967. Immunological time scale for hominid evolution. Science, 158(3805), 1200-1203.
SCHOPF, Thomas (dir). 1972. Models in Paleobiology. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper and Company.
SCHWARTZ, Jeffrey H. 2006. Race and the Odd History of Human Paleontology. The Anatomical Record (Part B), 289B, 225-240.
SEPKOSKI, David, RUSE, Michael. 2009. The Paleobiological Revolution: Essays on the Growth of Modern Paleontology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
SEPKOSKI, David, RUSE, Michael. 2009. Introduction: Paleontology at the High Table. In SEPKOSKI, David, RUSE, Michael (dir.). The Paleobiological Revolution: Essays on the Growth of Modern Paleontology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1-11.
SEPKOSKI, David. 2009. The Emergence of Paleobiology. In SEPKOSKI, David, RUSE, Michael (dir.). The Paleobiological Revolution: Essays on the Growth of Modern Paleontology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 15-42.
SIMPSON, George Gaylord. 1926. Mesozoic Mammalia, IV: the Multituberculates as Living Animals. American Journal of Science, 11, 228-250.
SIMPSON, George Gaylord, ROE, Anne. 1939. Quantitative zoology: Numerical concepts and methods in the study of recent and fossil animals. New York: McGraw-Hill.
SIMPSON, George Gaylord. 1944. Tempo and Mode in Evolution. New York: Columbia University Press.
SMITH, Richard, WOOD, Bernard. 2016. The principles and practices of human evolution research. Are we asking questions that can be answered? Comptes Rendus Palevol, in press.
STRAIT David S., GRINE, Frederick E., MONIZ, Marc A. 1997. A reappraisal of early hominid phylogeny. Journal of human evolution, 32(1), 17-82.
SUWA Gen, KONO, Reiko T., SIMPSON, Scott W., ASFAW, Berhane, LOVEJOY, C. Owen, WHITE, Tim D. 2009. Paleobiological implications of the Ardipithecus ramidus dentition. Science, 326(5949), 69-99.
TATTERSALL, Ian. 2000. Paleoanthropology: the last half-century. Evolutionary Anthropology, 9(1), 2-16.
WASHBURN, Sherwood L. 1951. The new physical anthropology. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 13, 7, Series II, 298-304.
WEST-EBERHARD, Mary-Jane. 2005. Developmental Plasticity and the Origin of Species Differences. In HEY Jody, FITCH Walter, AYALA Francisco (dir.). Systematics and the Origin of Species: On Ernst Mayr 100th Anniversary. Washington: National Academies Press. 69-89.
WHITE Tim D. 2009. Ladders, Bushes, Punctuations and Clades: Hominid Paleobiology in the Late Twentieth Century. In SEPKOSKI, David, RUSE, Michael (dir.). The Paleobiological Revolution: Essays on the Growth of Modern Paleontology. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 122-148.
WHITE, Tim D., ASFAW, Berhane, BEYENE, Yonas, HAILE-SELASSIE, Yohannes, LOVEJOY, C. Owen, SUWA, Gen, WOLDEGABRIEL, Giday. 2009. Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids. Science, 326(5949), 64-86.
WOLPOFF, Milford H. 1986. Stasis in the interpretation of evolution in Homo erectus: a reply to Rightmire. Paleobiology, 12(03), 325-328.
WOOD, Bernard A. 1994. Hominid paleobiology: Recent achievements and challenges. In CORRUCCINI, Robert, CIOCHON, Russell (dir.). Integrative paths to the past: paleoanthropological advances in honor of F. Clark Howell. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. 147-165.
WOOD, Bernard A., WOOD Christopher, KONIGSBERG, Lyle. 1994. Paranthropus boisei: an example of evolutionary stasis? American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 95(2), 117-136.
WOOD, Bernard A., RICHMOND, Brian G. 2000. Human evolution: taxonomy and paleobiology. Journal of Anatomy, 197(01), 19-60.
WRIGHT, Sewall. 1932. The roles of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding and selection in evolution. Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress Genetics, 1, 356-366.
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2018-09-27
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Lequin, Mathilde. 2018. « La révolution paléobiologique a-T-Elle Eu Lieu En paléoanthropologie ? ». Lato Sensu: Revue De La Société De Philosophie Des Sciences 5 (1):26-36. https://doi.org/10.20416/lsrsps.v5i1.5.
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Actes du congrès de 2016
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(c) Tous droits réservés Mathilde Lequin 2018
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