L' exposome : vers une science intégrative des expositions?
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.20416/LSRSPS.V8I3.2Mots-clés :
exposome, exposomique, épidémiologie moléculaire, épidémiologie sociale, incorporation, socio-marqueur, biomarqueur, holisme, réductionnisme, environnement, integration, étiologie, causalité, déterminants sociauxRésumé
L’exposome réfère à un domaine émergent de recherche qui a pour visée de développer une science intégrée de l’ensemble des expositions auxquelles est soumis un individu tout au long de sa vie et qui influencent sa santé. Deux principales orientations se font jour. L’une se concentre sur l’étude de l’exposome interne qui permettrait d’identifier l’essentiel des expositions impactant la santé en mesurant avec précision les effets au niveau de l’environnement biochimique du corps. L’autre entend intégrer les expositions sociales, écologiques et les expositions biologiques et internes, ou autrement dit, faire davantage de place à l’étude de l’exposome externe et ainsi développer un modèle holiste de la santé environnementale. À partir de l’examen de la littérature scientifique, de l’analyse de la première génération d’études exposomiques (2010-2020) et d’entretiens menés auprès d’épidémiologistes engagés dans ces recherches, cet article propose un état des lieux des promesses et réalisations de ce domaine émergent quant à l’intégration des expositions, tout en ayant l’ambition d’apporter un regard critique sur ces dernières. Après avoir présenté l’exposome et ses diverses interprétations, nous examinerons quel type d’intégration est en jeu dans chacune de ces deux orientations et nous en questionnerons l’intérêt et la pertinence. Notre analyse se concentre plus particulièrement sur la seconde orientation : quels gages cette tendance la plus holiste donne-t-elle en vue d’un renouvellement de nos manières d’intégrer les facteurs environnementaux et génétiques, sociaux et biologiques, dans notre approche des expositions et de l’explication des maladies ?
Références
Barker, David J, C Osmond, Jean Golding, Di Kuh et ME Wadsworth. 1989. Growth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. British Medical Journal 298 (6673), 564‑67.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.298.6673.564
Bauer, Susanne. 2011. Appréhender le social dans la recherche épidémiologique. Vers une politique des associations statistiques ? In De la vie biologique à la vie sociale. Approches sociologiques et anthropologiques, 298‑327.
https://doi.org/10.3917/dec.kehr.2011.01.0298
Beckie, Theresa M. 2012. A Systematic Review of Allostatic Load, Health, and Health Disparities. Biological Research for Nursing 14 (4, SI), 311‑46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1099800412455688
Berkman, Lisa F. et Ichiro Kawachi. 2000. Social Epidemiology. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195377903.001.0001
Bernard, Claude. [1865] rééd.1984. Introduction à l’étude de la médecine expérimentale. Paris, Champs Flammarion.
Brigandt, Ingo. 2010. Beyond reduction and pluralism: Toward an epistemology of explanatory integration in biology. Erkenntnis 73 (3), 295‑311.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-010-9233-3
Broadbent, Alex. 2011. Inferring Causation in Epidemiology: Mechanisms, Black Boxes, and Contrasts. In Causality in the Sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574131.003.0003
Broadbent, Alex. 2013. Philosophy of Epidemiology. Palgrave Macmillan.
Canali, Stefano. 2019. Evaluating Evidential Pluralism in Epidemiology: Mechanistic Evidence in Exposome Research. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 41 (1), 4.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-019-0241-6
Chadeau-Hyam, Marc, Toby J. Athersuch, Hector C. Keun, Maria De Iorio, Timothy M.D. Ebbels, Mazda Jenab, Carlotta Sacerdote, Stephen J Bruce, Elaine Holmes et Paolo Vineis. 2011. Meeting-in-the-middle using metabolic profiling – a strategy for the identification of intermediate biomarkers in cohort studies. Biomarkers 16 (1), 83‑88. https://doi.org/10.3109/1354750X.2010.533285
Clarke, Brendan, Virginia Ghiara et Federica Russo. 2019. Time to care: why the humanities and the social sciences belong in the science of health. BMJ open 9 (8), e030286.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030286
Claveau, François. 2012. The Russo–Williamson Theses in the social sciences: Causal inference drawing on two types of evidence. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 43 (4), 806‑13.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2012.05.004
Collins, Francis S., et Harold Varmus. 2015. « A New Initiative on Precision Medicine ». The New England Journal of Medicine 372 (9): 793‑95.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1500523
Cui, Yuxia et David Balshaw. 2019. From the Outside In: Integrating External Exposures into the Exposome Concept. In Unraveling the Exposome, 255‑76. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89321-1_10
Dammann, Olaf et Benjamin Smart. 2019. Causation in population health informatics and data science. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96307-5
Engel, George L. 1977. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science 196 (4286), 129‑36.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.847460
Ghiara, Virginia et Federica Russo. 2019. Reconstructing the mixed mechanisms of health: the role of bio-and sociomarkers. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies 10 (1), 7‑25.
https://doi.org/10.1332/175795919x15468755933353
Giroux, Élodie. 2013. The Framingham study and the constitution of a restrictive concept of risk factor. Social history of medicine 26 (1): 94‑112.
https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hks051
Glennan, Stuart. 2011. Singular and General Causal Relations: A Mechanist Perspective. In Causality in the Sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574131.003.0037
Grüne-Yanoff, Till. 2016. Interdisciplinary success without integration. European Journal for Philosophy of Science 6 (3), 343‑60.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13194-016-0139-z
Guchet, Xavier. 2019. De la médecine personnalisée à l’exposomique. Environnement et santé à l’ère des big data. Multitudes 75 (2), 72‑80.
https://doi.org/10.3917/mult.075.0072
Howick, Jeremy, Paul Glasziou et Jeffrey K. Aronson. 2013. Problems with using mechanisms to solve the problem of extrapolation. Theoretical medicine and bioethics 34 (4), 275‑91.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11017-013-9266-0
Illari, Phyllis McKay. 2011. Mechanistic Evidence: Disambiguating the Russo–Williamson Thesis. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 25 (2), 139‑57. https://doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2011.574856
Illari, Phyllis et Federica Russo. 2016. Information channels and biomarkers of disease. Topoi 35 (1), 175‑90.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-013-9228-1
Johnson, Sarah C., Francesca L. Cavallaro et David A. Leon. 2017. A systematic review of allostatic load in relation to socioeconomic position : Poor fidelity and major inconsistencies in biomarkers employed. Social Science & Medicine 192 (novembre), 66‑73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.025
Joly, Pierre Benoit. 2010. On the economics of techno-scientific promises. In Débordements. Mélanges offerts à Michel Callon, édité par M. Akrich, Y. Barthe, F. Muniesa et P. Mustar, Presses des Mines, 203‑22. Paris.
https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pressesmines.747
Juarez, Paul D., Patricia Matthews-Juarez, Darryl B. Hood, Wansoo Im, Robert S. Levine, Barbara J. Kilbourne, Michael A. Langston et al. 2014. The Public Health Exposome: A Population-Based, Exposure Science Approach to Health Disparities Research. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11 (12), 12866‑95. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111212866
Kelly, Michael P, Rachel S Kelly et Federica Russo. 2014. The integration of social, behavioral, and biological mechanisms in models of pathogenesis. Perspectives in biology and medicine 57 (3), 308‑28.
https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2014.0026
Krieger, Nancy. 1994. Epidemiology and the web of causation: has anyone seen the spider? Social science & medicine 39 (7), 887‑903.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90202-x
Krieger, Nancy. 1999. Embodying inequality: a review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination. International journal of health services 29 (2), 295‑352.
https://doi.org/10.2190/m11w-vwxe-kqm9-g97q
Krieger, Nancy. 2001. Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: an ecosocial perspective. International journal of epidemiology 30 (4), 668‑77.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/30.4.668
Kuh, Diana. et Yoav, Ben Shlomo. 1997. A Life Course Approach to Chronic Disease Epidemiology: Tracing the Origins of Ill Health from Early to Adult Life. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198578154.003.0016
Landecker, Hannah. 2011. Food as exposure: Nutritional epigenetics and the new metabolism. BioSocieties 6 (2), 167‑94.
https://doi.org/10.1057/biosoc.2011.1
Levins, Richard. 1966. The strategy of model building in population biology. American scientist 54 (4), 421‑31.
Lioy, Paul J. et Stephen M. Rappaport. 2011. Exposure Science and the Exposome: An Opportunity for Coherence in the Environmental Health Sciences. Environmental Health Perspectives 119 (11), A466-467.
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104387
Longino, Helen E. 2013. Studying human behavior: How scientists investigate aggression and sexuality. University of Chicago Press.
https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226921822.001.0001
Loomis, Dana et Steve Wing. 1990. Is molecular epidemiology a germ theory for the end of the twentieth century? International journal of epidemiology 19 (1), 1‑3.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/19.1.1
Machamer, Peter K., Lindley Darden et Carl F. Craver. 2000. Thinking About Mechanisms. Philosophy of Science 67 (1), 1‑25.
https://doi.org/10.1086/392759
Maitre, Lea, Jeroen de Bont, Maribel Casas, Oliver Robinson, Gunn Marit Aasvang, Lydiane Agier, Sandra Andrusaityte et al. 2018. Human Early Life Exposome (HELIX) Study: A European Population-Based Exposome Cohort. BMJ Open 8 (9), e021311.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021311
Marmot, Michael G, Geoffrey Rose, Martin Shipley, et Peter J Hamilton. 1978. Employment grade and coronary heart disease in British civil servants. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 32 (4), 244‑49.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.32.4.244
Marmot, Michael et Richard Wilkinson. 2005. Social determinants of health. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565895.001.0001
McMichael, Anthony J. 1999. Prisoners of the proximate: loosening the constraints on epidemiology in an age of change. American journal of epidemiology 149 (10), 887‑97.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009732
Miller, Gary W. 2014. The Exposome: A Primer. 1re éd. Amsterdam ; Boston: Academic Press.
https://doi.org/10.1016/c2013-0-06870-3
Miller, Gary W. et Dean P. Jones. 2014. The Nature of Nurture: Refining the Definition of the Exposome. Toxicological Sciences: An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology 137 (1), 1‑2.
https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kft251
Mitchell, Sandra D. 2002. Integrative pluralism. Biology and Philosophy 17 (1), 55‑70.
https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1012990030867
Morange, Michel. 1998. La part des gènes. Odile Jacob.
Niedzwiecki, Megan M., Douglas I. Walker, Roel Vermeulen, Marc Chadeau-Hyam, Dean P. Jones et Gary W. Miller. 2019. The Exposome: Molecules to Populations. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 59 (janvier), 107‑27.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021315
Niewöhner, Jörg. 2011. Epigenetics: Embedded bodies and the molecularisation of biography and milieu. BioSocieties 6 (3), 279‑98.
https://doi.org/10.1057/biosoc.2011.4
Plutynski, Anya. 2013. Cancer and the Goals of Integration. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C, 44(4), 466‑76.
Plutynski, Anya. 2018. Explaining cancer: Finding order in disorder. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199967452.003.0007
Prior, Lucy, David Manley et Clive E Sabel. 2019. Biosocial health geography: New ‘exposomic’geographies of health and place. Progress in Human Geography 43 (3), 531‑52.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132518772644
Rappaport, Stephen M. 2011. Implications of the Exposome for Exposure Science. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 21 (1), 5‑9. https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2010.50
Rappaport, Stephen M. 2018. Redefining Environmental Exposure for Disease Etiology. NPJ Systems Biology and Applications 4, 30.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41540-018-0065-0
Rappaport, Stephen M., Dinesh K. Barupal, David Wishart, Paolo Vineis et Augustin Scalbert. 2014. The Blood Exposome and Its Role in Discovering Causes of Disease. Environmental Health Perspectives 122 (8), 769‑74.
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1308015
Rappaport, Stephen M. et Martyn T. Smith. 2010. Environment and Disease Risks. Science 330 (6003), 460‑61.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1192603
Reiss, Julian. 2016. Causality and Causal Inference in Medicine. In The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Medicine, 72‑84. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315720739-12
Rose, Geoffrey. 1985. Sick Individuals and Sick Populations. International Journal of Epidemiology 14 (1), 32‑38.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/14.1.32
Russo, Federica et Jon Williamson. 2007. Interpreting Causality in the Health Sciences. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 21 (2), 157‑70.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02698590701498084
Salmon, Wesley C. 1984. Scientific explanation and the causal structure of the world. Princeton University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691221489
Saracci, Rodolfo et Paolo Vineis. 2007. Disease proportions attributable to environment. Environmental Health 6 (1), 38.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069x-6-38
Schulte, Paul A et Frederica P Perera. 1998. Molecular epidemiology: principles and practices. Academic Press.
Senier, Laura, Phil Brown, Sara Shostak et Bridget Hanna. 2017. The Socio-Exposome: Advancing Exposure Science and Environmental Justice in a Post-Genomic Era. Environmental Sociology 3 (2), 107‑21.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2016.1220848
Shostak, Sara. 2010. Marking populations and persons at risk: Molecular epidemiology and environmental health in biomedicalization. In Biomedicalization: Technoscience, health, and illness in the US, édité par A.E. Clarke, J.K. Shim, L. Mamo, J.R. Fosket et J.R. Fishman, Duke University Press, 242‑62. Durham, North Carolina.
https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822391258-009
Shostak, Sara. 2013. Exposed science: Genes, the environment, and the politics of population health. Univ of California Press.
https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520275171.001.0001
Shostak, Sara et Margot Moinester. 2015. The missing piece of the puzzle? Measuring the environment in the postgenomic moment. In Postgenomics: Perspectives on biology after the genome, 192‑209.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv125jjk3.13
Siroux, Valerie, Lydiane Agier et Remy Slama. 2016. The Exposome Concept: A Challenge and a Potential Driver for Environmental Health Research. European Respiratory Review: An Official Journal of the European Respiratory Society 25 (140), 124‑29.
https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0034-2016
Slama, Rémy. 2017. Le mal du dehors : l’influence de l’environnement sur la santé. Editions Quae.
Susser, M. 1999. Should the epidemiologist be a social scientist or a molecular biologist? International Journal of Epidemiology 28 (5), S1019‑S1019.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.ije.a019905
Susser, Mervyn. 1973. Causal thinking in the health sciences concepts and strategies of epidemiology. Oxford University Press.
Susser, Mervyn et Ezra Susser. 1996. Choosing a future for epidemiology: II. From black box to Chinese boxes and eco-epidemiology. American journal of public health 86 (5), 674‑77.
https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.86.5.674
Turner, Michelle C., Paolo Vineis, Eduardo Seleiro, Michaela Dijmarescu, David Balshaw, Roberto Bertollini, Marc Chadeau-Hyam et al. 2018. EXPOsOMICS: Final Policy Workshop and Stakeholder Consultation. BMC Public Health 18 (1), 260.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5160-z
Vandenbroucke, J P. 1988. Is “the Causes of Cancer” a Miasma Theory for the End of the Twentieth Century? International Journal of Epidemiology 17 (4), 708‑9.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/17.4.708
Vineis, Paolo. 2018. From John Snow to Omics: The Long Journey of Environmental Epidemiology. European Journal of Epidemiology 33 (4), 355‑63.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-018-0398-4
Vineis, Paolo, Mauricio Avendano-Pabon, Henrique Barros, Mel Bartley, Cristian Carmeli, Luca Carra, Marc Chadeau-Hyam, Giuseppe Costa, Cyrille Delpierre et Angelo D’Errico. 2020. Special Report: The Biology of Inequalities in Health: The Lifepath Consortium. Frontiers in Public Health 8.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00118
Vineis, Paolo, Mauricio Avendano-Pabon, Henrique Barros, Marc Chadeau-Hyam, Giuseppe Costa, Michaela Dijmarescu, Cyrille Delpierre et al. 2017. The Biology of Inequalities in Health: The LIFEPATH Project. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies 8 (4), 417‑49.
https://doi.org/10.14301/llcs.v8i4.448
Vineis, Paolo, Phyllis Illari et Federica Russo. 2017. Causality in cancer research: a journey through models in molecular epidemiology and their philosophical interpretation. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 14 (1), 7.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-017-0061-7
Vineis, Paolo et Frederica Perera. 2007. Molecular epidemiology and biomarkers in etiologic cancer research: the new in light of the old. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers 16 (10), 1954‑65.
https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0457
Von Engelhardt, Dietrich. 1993. Causality and conditionality in medicine around 1900. In Science, Technology and the Art of Medicine, édité par Corinna Delkeskamp-Hayes et Mary Ann Gardell Cutter, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 75‑104. Philosophy and Medicine 44. Delkeskamp-Hayes C.
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-2960-4_6
Wild, Christopher P. 2009. Environmental Exposure Measurement in Cancer Epidemiology. Mutagenesis 24 (2), 117‑25.
https://doi.org/10.1093/mutage/gen061
Wild, Christopher P., Augustin Scalbert et Zdenko Herceg. 2013. Measuring the Exposome: A Powerful Basis for Evaluating Environmental Exposures and Cancer Risk. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 54 (7), 480‑99.
https://doi.org/10.1002/em.21777
Wild, Christopher Paul. 2005. Complementing the Genome with an “Exposome”: The Outstanding Challenge of Environmental Exposure Measurement in Molecular Epidemiology. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention: A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 14 (8), 1847‑50.
https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456
Wild, Christopher Paul. 2012. The Exposome: From Concept to Utility. International Journal of Epidemiology 41 (1), 24‑32.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr236
Woodward, James. 2011. Mechanisms revisited. Synthese 183 (3), 409‑27.
Téléchargements
Publiée
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
(c) Tous droits réservés Élodie Giroux 2021

Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International.
Les auteurs conservent le droit d'auteur et accordent à la revue le droit de première publication, l'ouvrage étant alors disponible simultanément, sous la licence Licence d’attribution Creative Commons permettant à d'autres de partager l'ouvrage tout en en reconnaissant la paternité et la publication initiale dans cette revue.